Nnụnụ Steppe nwere toki - nke a bụ nkọwa nke Vladimir Dal nyere okwu ahụ bụ "drakhva" (aka bustard) na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nkọwa nke asụsụ Russian dị ukwuu.
Nkọwa nke bustard
Otis tarda (bustard, nke a makwaara dị ka dudak) na-anọchite ezinụlọ Bustard nke usoro Crane dị ka nke a maara dị ka otu n'ime nnụnụ kachasị elu. Nwoke na-eto ka toki, ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka o jiri okpukpu abụọ karịa nke nwanyị... Ihe nwoke buru ibu bụ 7-16 n'arọ nke nwere ogologo nke 1.05 m, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-atụle nkezi nke kilogram 4-8 na ogologo nke 0.8 m.
A kọwara ụdị bustard abụọ:
- Otis tarda tarda - European bustard;
- Otis tarda dubowskii - East Siberia bustard.
Ọdịdị
Ọ bụ nnụnụ buru ibu nke nwere obi gbasaa ma nwee olu ike. Bustard ahụ dị iche na bustards ndị ọzọ na-enweghị nku ọ bụghị nke ukwuu na nnukwu akụkụ ya dị ka ụcha dị iche iche na akụkụ aka ya siri ike (nke a na-emegharị maka mmegharị ala).
A na-etinye ihe ndị na-acha uhie uhie, nke ojii na nke isi awọ, tinyere ọcha, nke a na-ese afọ, obi, na azụ na azụ nku ya. Isi na olu na-abụkarị ntụ ntụ (yana ndò dị ọkụ na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ). N'elu nwere ábụbà uhie uhie na-acha ọbara ọbara nwere njirimara streaky nke akara uhie transverse. Nkufe nku nke usoro nke mbụ na-acha aja aja mgbe niile, ndị nke usoro nke abụọ bụ aja aja, mana nwere mgbọrọgwụ ọcha.
Ọ bụ na-akpali! Site na oge opupu ihe ubi, ụmụ nwoke niile na-enweta akwa olu na afụ ọnụ. Nke a bu nkpuru nku osisi na-acha uhie uhie n'ụdị filaments toro ogologo site na isi nke beak ahụ n'akụkụ. Na "afụ ọnụ" ụmụ nwoke na-ama ruo na njedebe nke oge okpomọkụ.
N'agbanyeghị oge n'afọ, ụmụ nwanyị na-emegharị ụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ / udu mmiri nke ụmụ nwoke. Bustard nwere beak na-acha ntụ ntụ na anya gbara ọchịchịrị, yana ogologo, ụkwụ dị ike nke agba aja aja na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ. Eachkwụ nke ọ bụla nwere mkpịsị ụkwụ atọ. Ọdụ ahụ toro ogologo, mechie na njedebe. Ogologo nku ya dị 1.9-2.6 m. Bustard na-agbasi mbọ ike, mana ọ na-efe ọsọ ọsọ, na-agbatị olu ya ma na-atụtụ ụkwụ na-agabigaghị na ọdụ... Achọghị nku nke nku ahụ ngwa ngwa, na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ike ịhụ nnukwu ubi ọcha na ábụbà elu efe n’elu ha.
Uma na ibi ndu
Na bustard na-amụ anya n'oge ehihie. N’ụtụtụ na n’anyasị, ọ na-achọta nri, n’ehihie kwa, ọ na-eme ndokwa maka ụra ehihie, na-edina n’ala n’okpuru ndò nke ahịhịa ndị toro ogologo. Ọ bụrụ na igwe ojii ejiri igwe ojii kpuchie ma ikuku dị jụụ zuru oke, bustard anaghị ezu ike n’ehihie ma na-eri nri n’akwụsịghị akwụsị. Na mpụga oge azụlite, dudaks na-abanye n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, nke na-abụkarị otu nwoke na nwoke, na-agụta otu narị mmadụ.
Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị na-eto eto, ndị nwoke na-etolitebeghị na-ahụkarị n'ụmụ nwanyị. Bustard ahụ, n'adịghị ka kreen ahụ, anaghị ekwe ka ụkwụ / beak ya banye iji tọpụ ala ma kpalite ahịhịa ahịhịa. Nnụnụ ahụ ji nwayọọ na-agagharị ma na-ata ahịhịa, na-atụtụ nanị ihe a na-eri eri ma na-akwụsịkarị.
Ọ bụ na-akpali! Ọ na - ejide obere ụmụ anụmanụ na - egbusi ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ya, na-eweli isi ya n’iru. Egwuregwu agbapụ na-ejide ngwa ngwa, na-ama jijiji ma ọ bụ gụchaa ya n'ala tupu ilo.
Na bustard na-ebugharị n'ikuku naanị n'ụbọchị. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda nke mpaghara ahụ ọ na-anọkarị jụụ, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu ọ na-eme njem oge oge ma bụrụ nke mbugharị / na-agagharị agagharị. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na - emeri ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'ụkwụ, ma hapụ maka oge oyi n'oge na - adịghị anya (ọ bụghị tupu Ọktọba - Nọvemba), na - achịkọta n'ọtụtụ ìgwè atụrụ nke ruru ọtụtụ narị nnụnụ. Dudaki molt ugboro abụọ n'afọ: n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, mgbe plumage gbanwere kpamkpam, na oge opupu ihe ubi (tupu oge ọmụmụ), mgbe ọ bụ naanị obere ábụbà gbanwere.
Ego ole bustards na-ebi
Dabere na nchọpụta nke ndị ornithologists, bustust na-ebi n'ọnọdụ ebumpụta ụwa ihe dị ka afọ 20.
Ebe obibi, ebe obibi
Ebe obibi nke bustard ahụ gbasasịrị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Eurasia, na naanị obere ndị bi na mgbago ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Morocco (Africa). Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe ọmụma na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Africa ebibiela. Na Eurasia, nke a bụ ebe ndịda nke Peninsula Iberian, Austria, Slovakia na ndịda Bohemia. A hụrụ nnukwu bustard n'akụkụ Gomel, na Chernigov, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Penza na mpaghara Samara ruo na ndịda Bashkiria.
Thedị a bi na Western Siberia, na-eru Barnaul na Minusinsk, ndịda nke Ugwu Sayan Eastern, mgbada ala nke Upper Angara, Khanka dị larịị na ndagwurugwu nke Zeya dị ala. N'ebe ndịda, mpaghara ahụ gbasapụrụ ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, ógbè ndị dị n'Eshia Maịnọ, mpaghara ndịda Azerbaijan na ebe ugwu Iran. Nnụnụ ndị ahụ biri n’akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Caspian ma gafere na mgbago Ural, Irgiz, Turgai na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kazakhstan.
Bustst ahụ bi na Tien Shan, yana ndịda, na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tajikistan, na ọdịda anyanwụ, na ugwu Karatau. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tien Shan, mpaghara ahụ na-ekpuchi ókè ugwu nke Gobi, ụkwụ nke nnukwu Khingan na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, mgbago ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara Heilongjiang na ndịda Primorye.
Dị mkpa! Oghere dị n'etiti oghere nke ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ na-aga n'akụkụ Altai. Turkish na European bustards nwere ike idozi, ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ (steppe) na-efe efe maka oge oyi, na-ahọrọ Crimea, ndịda nke Central Asia na mpaghara Caspian, yana ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ China.
Ndị ornithologists na-ekwu maka mgbanwe dị elu nke obibi nke ụdị a, dabere na nkesa zonal sara mbara. Emeela ka o doo anya na ndi mmadu enwela omumu ibi na imeputa na ala ebe ndi mmadu gbanwegoro ka ndi mmadu amaghi.
A na-ewere ọnọdụ ala mbụ nke Dudak dị ka ala ahịhịa juru n'ebe ugwu... Ndị na-eme ihe n'oge a na-ahọrọ ahịhịa dị ogologo (ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ahịhịa-ahịhịa). Ha na-anọkarị ebe dị larịị, nke dị ntakịrị ugwu (nke nwere osisi dị elu, ma ọ bụghị), na-ezere ndị isi ike, ndagwurugwu, ugwu ndị dị elu na ebe okwute. Bustards efọk, dị ka a na-achị, na ndagwurugwu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-edozi ugwu steepụ.
Nnukwu nri nri
Nnụnụ ahụ nwere ngwakọta gastronomic bara ọgaranya, nke gụnyere anụmanụ na ihe ọkụkụ, ihe ruru ogo ya na okike nke bustard, mpaghara nke ebe obibi ya na nnweta nri a kapịrị ọnụ.
Ndị okenye ji obi ha na-eri akwụkwọ, ome, inflorescences na mkpụrụ nke akọ / osisi ọhịa dịka:
- dandelion, ahịhịa ogwu, ogbugbo ewu, kụọ thistle, nkịtị tansy, kulbaba;
- ahịhịa na kreever, sainfoin, peas na alfalfa (agha);
- agha na ubi radish, rapeseed, ubi kabeeji, turnips, mọstad ojii;
- ewu na fescue;
- ogwe dị iche iche.
Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ nke ahịhịa - umbelliferae, wheatgrass na eyịm.
Ọ bụ na-akpali! Site na ụkọ ahịhịa ndụ, bustard na-agbanwe nri siri ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ome beet. Ma keadighi rarii eriri nke biiti na-akpata ọnwụ nke nnụnụ n'ihi digestive iwe.
Ihe mejupụtara nri anụmanụ dị ka nke a:
- okenye / larvae nke igurube, ahihia, cricket na bear;
- enwe / larvae nke ala, umu anwuru, Colorado enwe, gbara ọchịchịrị, akwukwo akwukwo na ahihia;
- caterpillars nke butterflies na chinchi (obere);
- ejula, okike na earwigs;
- Ngwere, awọ, ụmụ ọkụkọ nke mbara igwe na nnụnụ ndị ọzọ na-akpa akwụ n’ala;
- obere òké;
- ndanda / pupae na genus Formica (maka nri ụmụ ọkụkọ).
Nnukwu bustards enweghị ike ime n'enweghị mmiri: n'oge ọkọchị ha na-efega n'olulu mmiri, n'oge oyi ha na-enwe afọ ojuju na snow.
Ntughari na nkpuru
Ndị na-eme njem njem na-alaghachi n'ala nna ha na snow na-agbaze, na-amalite ịba ozugbo ozigbo steppe akpọnwụ. Ha na-aga otu otu (enweghị ọgụ) na iche, na-ahọrọ ebe mepere emepe maka ugbu a ebe ị nwere ike nyochaa mpaghara ahụ.
Otu nwoke ruru 50 m na dayameta. Oge a na-eme ugbu a dabara na ọwụwa anyanwụ, mana mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-eme tupu ọdịda anyanwụ ma ọ bụ n'ehihie. Dudak na-agba agba na-agbasa nku ya, na-agbanye olu ya, na-eme ka akpịrị ya na-afụ ụfụ, na-afụ ọnụ ya ma na-atụba ọdụ ya n'azụ ya. Nwoke nke nwere obi ụtọ ecstasy dị ka igwe ojii na-acha ọcha, nke na-ewere ọdịdị "nnụnụ" ya mgbe ọ gachara 10-15 sekọnd.
Ọ bụ na-akpali! Femụ nwanyị na-abata ma ọ bụ na-abịa ugbu a anaghị etolite abụọ na-adịgide adịgide. N'ime bustards, a na-ahụ ma polyandry na polygyny, mgbe "ndị na-alụ nwanyị" na "ndị na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ" na ndị mmekọ dị iche iche.
Nests na mmalite nke May, na-ahazi akwụ akwụ na ala tọgbọrọ chakoo, mgbe ụfọdụ, jiri ahịhịa masking ha. A na-enyefe nne nne na nna akwa akwa (2-4), yana ịzụlite broods: ndị nna jikọtara ọnụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ma kwaga ebe nke molt na-esote.
Ọkụkọ azụcha na May - June, mgbe izu atọ ma ọ bụ anọ gasịrị... Puff fọrọ nke nta ka ọ na-esi n'ụlọ akwụ́ pụta, ma ha anaghị ahapụ ya: lee, nne ha na-enye ha nri. Ha na-amalite iji aka ha chọọ nri n'ime ụbọchị ise, na-ahapụ ịhapụ nri nne maka izu 2-3 ọzọ. Ndị na-eto eto na-ahụkarị ma nwee nku ha ihe dịka ọnwa 1, na-ahapụ nne ha ruo oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, na mgbe mgbe ruo oge opupu ihe ubi. Oge oyi / ozuzu ozuzu na-apụta na bustards abụghị tupu 4-6 afọ na ọmụmụ, nke na-eme na nwanyị na afọ 2-4, na ụmụ nwoke na 5-6 afọ.
Ezigbo ndị iro
Nnukwu nnụnnụ ma ndị na-eri anụ na-achọ nnụnụ toro eto:
- ugo;
- ugo ọlaedo;
- ugo bere;
- olili;
- nkịta ọhịa, gụnyere steppe;
- baajị na nkịta ọhịa;
- steppe ferret;
- nwamba furu efu / nkịta.
N'ebe ndị mmadụ mepụtara nke ọma, ihe egwu dị na brood na njide nke dudak. A na-ebibi akwụ na ahịhịa na ahịhịa, nkịta ọhịa, magpies, egbe, isi awọ / ojii na rooks. Ndị nke a emegharịrị ka ha soro ihe akụrụngwa, na-atụ egwu brooders site na akwụ ha, nke bụ ihe rooks na-eji. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ụmụ ohi na àkwá ndị na-ebelata ụra na-aghọ nkịta dị mfe oriri.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọnọdụ nke ụdị ahụ
Ruo narị afọ nke 20, bust ahụ juru ebe niile, na-ebi n'ọtụtụ sara mbara nke Eurasia. Ugbu a, a ghọtara ụdị ahụ dị ka ihe egwu, na nnụnụ ahụ gụnyere na Red Data Books nke ọtụtụ mba na International Union for Conservation of Nature, yana nchekwa nke nzukọ mba ụwa n'otu n'otu.
Dị mkpa! Ihe kpatara mkpochapu umu a bu tumadi anthropogenic - ịchụ nta a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, mgbanwe ebe obibi, ọrụ nke igwe ọrụ ugbo.
Dabere na ụfọdụ akụkọ, e kpochapụla bust ahụ kpamkpam na France, Scandinavia, Poland, England, Balkans na Morocco. Ekwenyere na na ugwu nke Germany enwere ihe dịka nnụnụ 200, na Hungary na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic na Romania - ihe dịka 1300-1400 Dudaks, na mpaghara Iberia - ihe na-erughị puku mmadụ 15.
Na Russia, a na-akpọ bustard egwuregwu "nwa eze", na-ejide ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu site n'enyemaka nke nnụnụ na anụ ichu nta. Ugbu a na post-Soviet ohere banyere 11 puku mmadụ edebanyere aha, nke naanị 300-600 nnụnụ (bi na Buryatia) so na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. Iji chekwaa ụdị a, Eurasia ka e kerela ebe obibi na ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa, wee malite ịzụlite anụ bustard ahụ na ịlọghachi ya n'ebe ndị a chụpụrụ ya na mbụ. Na Russia, emepere ndokwa yiri nke a na mpaghara Saratov.
