Onye ọ bụla maara na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ahịhịa na anụmanụ na-ebi n'otu ala ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ mmiri. Nchikota ha, yana mmekorita na mmekorita nke onwe ha na ihe ndi ozo di iche iche, bu ihe a na-akpọ biocenosis. Ejiri okwu a site na ijikọ okwu Latin abụọ "bios" - ndụ na "cenosis" - nkịtị. Obodo obula ndu bu ihe ndi ozo nke bioceosis dika:
- ụwa anụmanụ - zoocenosis;
- ahịhịa - phytocenosis;
- microorganisms - microbiocenosis.
Ekwesiri ighota na phytocoenosis bu ihe di nkpa nke na-ekpebi zoocoenosis na microbiocenosis.
Mmalite nke echiche nke "biocenosis"
Ná ngwụsị nke narị afọ nke 19, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ́ German bụ́ Karl Möbius mụrụ banyere ebe epekele ndị dị na North Sea. N'oge ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, ọ chọpụtara na ntule ndị a nwere ike ịdị naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọwapụtara nke gụnyere omimi, ọnụọgụ mmiri, nnu nnu na ogo mmiri. Na mgbakwunye, o kwuru na ụdị ndụ mmiri akọwapụtara nke ọma na aju mmiri. Ya mere na 1877, site na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ya "Oysters and Oyster Economy", okwu na echiche nke biocenosis pụtara na obodo sayensị.
Nhazi ọkwa nke biocenoses
Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe ịrịba ama dịka nke nkewa si eke biocenosis. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu maka ịhazi usoro dabere na nha, mgbe ahụ ọ ga - abụ:
- macrobiocenosis, nke na-amu ugwu, oke osimiri na oke osimiri;
- mesobiocenosis - oke ohia, apiti, ala ahịhịa;
- microbiocenosis - otu ifuru, akwukwo ma obu ogwe aka.
A pụkwara ịkọwa Biocenoses dabere na ebe obibi. Mgbe ahụ, a ga-egosipụta ụdị ndị a:
- mmiri;
- mmiri mmiri;
- terrestrial.
Nhazi kachasị mfe nke obodo ndị dị ndụ bụ nkewa ha n'ime biocenoses sitere na eke na artificial. Nke mbu bu ihe mbu, nke emere n’enweghi mmetuta nke mmadu, dika nke abuo, nke ihe ndi ozo n’adiri ya. Otu nke abụọ gụnyere ndị gbanwere mgbanwe n'ihi ihe anthropogenic. Ka anyị lebakwuo anya na atụmatụ ha.
Ihe ndi ozo
Natural biocenoses bụ njikọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke okike n'onwe ya kere. Obodo ndị a bụ sistemụ etinyere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke etolitere, mepụta ma na-arụ ọrụ dịka iwu pụrụ iche nke ha. Onye German ọkà mmụta sayensị V. Tischler depụtara àgwà ndị a nke usoro ndị a:
- Biocenoses na-esite na ihe ndị dị njikere, nke nwere ike ịbụ ma ndị nnọchi anya nke ụdị dị iche iche na ogige dị iche iche;
- enwere ike dochie anya ndi ozo. Ya mere, otu ụdị nwere ike dochie anya onye ọzọ, na-enweghị nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka usoro ahụ dum;
- na-eburu n'uche na eziokwu ahụ bụ na biocenosis ọdịmma nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche, mgbe ahụ usoro supraorganism dum na-adabere ma na-akwagide n'ihi ọrụ nke counter-force;
- a na-ewu obodo okike ọ bụla site na usoro nhazi otu ụdị site na ọzọ;
- hà nke usoro supraorganic ọ bụla dabere na ihe ndị dị na mpụga.
Sistemu eji enyere ndụ aka
Formedmụ mmadụ guzobere, na-echekwa ma na-achịkwa ya. Prọfesọ B.G. Johannsen webatara ihe ọmụmụ banyere nkọwa banyere anthropocenosis, ya bụ, usoro okike nke mmadụ kpachara anya mee. O nwere ike ịbụ ogige, square, akwarium, terrarium, wdg.
N'etiti biocenoses nke mmadụ, agrobiocenoses bụ ndị a ma ama - ndị a bụ usoro biosystems emere iji nweta nri. Ndị a gụnyere:
- ọdọ mmiri;
- ọwa;
- ponds;
- ala-ubi;
- ubi;
- ugbo ohia.
Otu ihe njirimara nke agrocenosis bu eziokwu na o nweghi ike idi ogologo oge n'enweghi aka mmadu.
